One type of white blood cell that attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. T cells also produce a number of substances that regulate the immune response. Also called T lymphocyte.

One type of white blood cell that attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. T lymphocytes also produce a number of substances that regulate the immune response. Also called T cell.

A statistical test that is used to find out if there is a real difference between the means (averages) of two different groups. It is sometimes used to see if there is a significant difference in response to treatment between groups in a clinical trial.

A thyroid hormone. Also called triiodothyronine or liothyronine sodium.

A type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia and precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia.

A type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia.

Treatment to destroy T cells, which play an important role in the immune response. Elimination of T cells from a bone marrow graft from a donor may reduce the chance of an immune reaction against the recipient’s tissues.

A disease in which certain cells of the lymph system (called T lymphocytes) become cancerous.

A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. It is most common in young men. Also called precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma.

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. It inhibits the growth of cancer cells by preventing cell division.

A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. T4 increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. T4 can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders. Also called thyroxine, L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine, and thyroxin.

Enzyme lotion used in treating xeroderma pigmentosum.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called tubulin-binding agents.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called synthetic retinoids and angiogenesis inhibitors.

Rapid beating of the heart, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.

Rapid breathing.

A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection by the body of organ and bone marrow transplants.

A protein/sugar complex found on the surface of many cancer cells, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cells.

A form of traditional Chinese mind/body exercise and meditation that uses slow sets of body movements and controlled breathing. Tai chi is done to improve balance, flexibility, muscle strength, and overall health.

The small bone at the bottom of the spine. It is made up of 3-5 fused bones. Also called coccyx.

The use of communication, drugs, or other types of treatments that are specific for an individual or a group to improve health or change behavior.

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer, including certain types of lung, pancreas, and brain cancer. Talabostat may help the immune system block the growth of cancer cells. It may also increase the growth of new blood cells. It is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called talabostat mesylate and PT-100.

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer, including certain types of lung, pancreas, and brain cancer. Talabostat mesylate may help the immune system block the growth of cancer cells. It may also increase the growth of new blood cells. It is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called talabostat and PT-100.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of brain tumors and other brain disorders, such as epilepsy and Parkinson disease. It is a type of AMPA receptor antagonist.

A drug used in photodynamic therapy. When absorbed by cancer cells and exposed to light, the drug becomes active and kills the cancer cells.

A mineral, usually used in a powdered form. In cancer treatment, sterile talc is used to prevent pleural effusions (an abnormal collection of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall). Talc is inserted into the space, causing it to close up, so fluid cannot collect there. Also called sterile talc powder.

Treatment of mental, emotional, personality, and behavioral disorders using methods such as discussion, listening, and counseling. Also called psychotherapy.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of leukemia and some other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifolates.

A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in women and men. It is also used to prevent breast cancer in women who have had ductal carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in the ducts of the breast) and are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. Tamoxifen belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens. Also called tamoxifen citrate and Nolvadex.

A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in women and men. It is also used to prevent breast cancer in women who have had ductal carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells in the ducts of the breast) and are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen citrate is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. Tamoxifen citrate belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens. Also called tamoxifen and Nolvadex.

A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. Tamsulosin relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder, which helps the flow of urine. It is a type of alpha blocker. Also called tamsulosin hydrochloride and Flomax.

A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. Tamsulosin hydrochloride relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder, which helps the flow of urine. It is a type of alpha blocker. Also called tamsulosin and Flomax.

A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It may stop cancer cell growth by blocking certain enzymes and by preventing the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called CT53518 and MLN518.

A drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer. It is also used together with gemcitabine to treat pancreatic cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tarceva is a type of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called erlotinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, CP-358,774, and OSI-774.

A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances, such as monoclonal antibodies, to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

A drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that have not gotten better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Targretin is a type of retinoid. Also called bexarotene and LGD1069.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may help tumor cells respond again to drugs they have become resistant (unable to respond) to. Tariquidar belongs to the families of drugs called multidrug resistance inhibitors and P-glycoprotein antagonists. Also called XR9576.

A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is used in patients who have not gotten better after treatment with other anticancer drugs or who are not able to take imatinib mesylate. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Tasigna blocks a protein called BCR/ABL which is made in CML cells that contain the Philadelphia chromosome (an abnormal chromosome 22 that has part of chromosome 9 attached). It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called nilotinib.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called anti-infectives.

A type of drug that blocks cell growth by stopping mitosis (cell division). Taxanes interfere with microtubules (cellular structures that help move chromosomes during mitosis). They are used to treat cancer. A taxane is a type of mitotic inhibitor and antimicrotubule agent.

A drug used to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. It is also used together with another drug to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Taxol is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor. Also called paclitaxel.

A drug used together with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, and certain types of head and neck cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Taxotere is a type of mitotic inhibitor. Also called docetaxel.

Tuberculosis. A disease caused by a specific type of bacteria that spreads from one person to another through the air. TB can affect many parts of the body, but most often affects the lungs. A person may not have symptoms of TB for years, but they may appear when the patient becomes ill with a serious condition like diabetes, AIDS, or cancer. TB can usually be treated and cured with antibiotics. Also called tuberculosis.

A medical system that has been used for thousands of years to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. It is based on the belief that qi (the body’s vital energy) flows along 20 meridians (channels) throughout the body and keeps a person’s spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical health in balance. TCM aims to restore the body’s balance and harmony between the natural opposing forces of yin and yang, which can block qi and cause disease. TCM includes acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage. Also called Oriental medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.

A tree that is a member of the myrtle family. Oil from the tea tree is used in shampoos and skin care products and to treat skin infections. It has been used in some cultures to treat other skin conditions, including acne, burns, and insect bites. The scientific name is Melaleuca alternifolia.

A substance being studied in certain cancer-imaging tests using positron emission tomography (PET). It contains a radioactive substance called technetium, bound to another substance called sestamibi, that helps it enter cells. It may help show how well cancer cells take up anticancer drugs. It is a type of radiopharmaceutical.

A radiolabeled substance that is used in cancer diagnosis.

A radiolabeled substance that is used to help identify sites of tumor development.

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It is a combination of tegafur and uracil. The tegafur is taken up by the cancer cells and breaks down into 5-FU, a substance that kills tumor cells. The uracil causes higher amounts of 5-FU to stay inside the cells and kill them. Tegafur-uracil is a type of antimetabolite. Also called UFT, Ftorafur, and Uftoral.

A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called antibiotics.

The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called glutathione analogs. Also called TLK286.

The delivery of healthcare from a distance using electronic information and technology such as computers, cameras, videoconferencing, the Internet, satellite, and wireless communications.

A drug that is used to treat certain types of brain tumors in adults and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Also called temozolomide.

An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents.

A drug that is used to treat certain types of brain tumors in adults and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Also called Temodar.

A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Temsirolimus blocks a protein involved in cell division, and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of rapamycin analog and serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Also called CCI-779 and Torisel.

Tough, fibrous, cord-like tissue that connects muscle to bone or another structure, such as an eyeball. Tendons help the bone or structure to move.

An anticancer drug that is a podophyllotoxin derivative and belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. A technique in which mild electric currents are applied to some areas of the skin by a small power pack connected to two electrodes. Also called transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation and controlled low-voltage electrical stimulation.

A type of germ cell cancer that usually forms in the testes (testicles).

A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant.

A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It is also used to treat high blood pressure and is being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Terazosin relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate. It is a type of alpha blocker. Also called terazosin hydrochloride and Hytrin.

A drug used to treat urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate. It is also used to treat high blood pressure and is being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Terazosin hydrochloride relaxes muscle tissue in blood vessels and in the prostate. It is a type of alpha blocker. Also called terazosin and Hytrin.

Disease that cannot be cured and will cause death.

A type of strong-smelling chemical substance found in some plants, especially trees that have cones. Terpenes are found in essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants).

One of two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones. Also called a testis.

Cancer that forms in tissues of the testis (one of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that make sperm and male hormones). Testicular cancer usually occurs in young or middle-aged men. Two main types of testicular cancer are seminomas (cancers that grow slowly and are sensitive to radiation therapy) and nonseminomas (different cell types that grow more quickly than seminomas).

Information provided by an individual who claims to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature.

One of two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones. Also called a testicle.

A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

A substance that is derived from the toxin released by the bacterium that causes the disease tetanus. It is used as a vaccine to prevent tetanus or to help boost the immune response to other vaccines.

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks proteins needed for cancer growth. It is a type of transcriptional inhibitor. Also called tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid and EM-1421.

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks proteins needed for cancer growth. It is a type of transcriptional inhibitor. Also called tetra-O-methyl NDGA and EM-1421.

An antibiotic drug used to treat infection.

A substance that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called cytidine deaminase inhibitors, multidrug resistance modulators, and radiosensitizers.

A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug.

An area of the brain that helps process information from the senses and transmit it to other parts of the brain.

A drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed, and a painful skin disease related to leprosy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Thalidomide belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called Thalomid.

A drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma in patients who have just been diagnosed, and a painful skin disease related to leprosy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Thalomid belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called thalidomide.

A drug used to improve breathing in people who are short of breath. It belongs to the family of drugs called bronchodilators or respiratory smooth muscle relaxants.

A monoclonal antibody being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Theraloc binds the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and blocks cancer cells that depend on epidermal growth factor for growth. Also called nimotuzumab.

Having to do with treating disease and helping healing take place.

Treatment.

A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus.

In medicine, a procedure in which a heat-sensing infrared camera is used to record the surface heat produced by different parts of the body. Abnormal tissue growth can cause temperature changes, which may show up on the thermogram. Thermography may be used to diagnose breast cancer and other tumors.

Treatment of disease using heat.

A drug used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting. It belongs to the families of drugs called antiemetics and phenothiazines.

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.

The last tooth to come in at the back of each side of the upper and lower jaws. Third molars usually come in between 17 and 23 years of age, but not everyone has them. Also called wisdom tooth.

Treatment that is given when both initial treatment (first-line therapy) and subsequent treatment (second-line therapy) don’t work, or stop working.

Chest pain. Also called thoracodynia.

Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs.

Having to do with the chest.

A surgeon who specializes in operating on organs inside the chest, including the heart and lungs.

A surgeon who specializes in operating on tumors found inside the chest.

Chest pain. Also called thoracalgia.

A thin tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the chest. A thoracoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have tool to remove tissue.

Examination of the inside of the chest, using a thoracoscope. A thoracoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

An operation to open the chest.

The hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). The throat is about 5 inches long, depending on body size. Also called the pharynx.

Cancer that forms in tissues of the pharynx (the hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the windpipe and esophagus). Throat cancer includes cancer of the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose), the oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx), and the hypopharynx (the bottom part of the pharynx). Cancer of the larynx (voice box) may also be included as a type of throat cancer. Most throat cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells that look like fish scales). Also called pharyngeal cancer.

Surgery to remove a thrombus (blood clot) from a blood vessel.

A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelet.

A decrease in the number of platelets in the blood that may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues.

A process that involves either a blood clot or bleeding, such as a heart attack or stroke.

The process of breaking up a thrombus (blood clot) that is blocking blood flow. The blood clot may be dissolved using drugs delivered through a catheter (tube) into the clot.

Inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms.

A substance made by the body that helps make blood cells, especially platelets. A form of thrombopoietin made in the laboratory is called recombinant human TPO and rHu TPO. Thrombopoietin is being studied as a way to increase the number of platelets in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Also called TPO.

The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.

A mass of blood that forms on the wall of a blood vessel or in the heart when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together. A thrombus may block the flow of blood.

A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidiasis and candidosis.

A rare type of thymus gland cancer. It usually spreads, has a high risk of recurrence, and has a poor survival rate. Thymic carcinoma is divided into subtypes, depending on the types of cells in which the cancer began. Also called type C thymoma.

A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis.

A protein involved in making and repairing DNA (molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it on from parent to child). High levels of thymidylate synthase may be involved in how certain types of cancer form and respond to treatment.

A drug that blocks DNA synthesis and may prevent tumor cell growth. It is being studied as a treatment for cancer.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called AG337 and nolatrexed.

A tumor of the thymus, an organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the chest, behind the breastbone.

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone.

A form of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is made in the laboratory. It is used to test for remaining or recurring cancer cells in patients who have been treated for thyroid cancer. Also called thyrotropin alfa.

The form that thyroid hormone takes when stored in the cells of the thyroid. If the thyroid has been removed, thyroglobulin should not show up on a blood test. Doctors measure thyroglobulin level in blood to detect thyroid cancer cells that remain in the body after treatment.

A gland located beneath the voice box (larynx) that makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin. The thyroid helps regulate growth and metabolism.

Cancer that forms in the thyroid gland (an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The four types are based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope.

A type of cell in the thyroid. Thyroid follicular cells make thyroid hormone.

A gland located beneath the voice box (larynx) that produces thyroid hormone. The thyroid helps regulate growth and metabolism.

A hormone that affects heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight. Thyroid hormone is made by the thyroid gland and can also be made in the laboratory.

Treatment with thyroid hormone, which is a hormone that affects heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight.

TSH. A hormone produced by the pituitary gland. TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin. It also stimulates the growth of thyroid follicular cells. An abnormal TSH level may mean that the thyroid hormonal regulation system is out of control, usually as a result of a benign condition (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism). Also called TSH.

Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid.

Inflammation of the thyroid gland. Thyroiditis may be an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland over time, causing hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone). A temporary form of thyroiditis may also occur after the birth of a baby, or when viral or bacterial infections spread to the thyroid.

A medical doctor who specializes in thyroid diseases.

A form of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is made in the laboratory. It is used to test for remaining or recurring cancer cells in patients who have been treated for thyroid cancer. Also called Thyrogen.

A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. Thyroxin increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxin can also be made in the laboratory, and is used to treat thyroid disorders. Also called thyroxine, T4, and L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine.

A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. Thyroxine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. Thyroxine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders. Also called T4, L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine, and thyroxin.

A substance being studied in the treatment of diarrhea caused by infection with Clostridium difficile (a type of bacteria that can grow without oxygen) in cancer patients. Tiacumicin B is a type of antibiotic. Also called OPT-80 and PAR-101.

An anticancer drug being studied to stop cell growth.

The larger of two bones between the knee and ankle. Also called shinbone.

A measure of time after a disease is diagnosed (or treated) until the disease starts to get worse.

An anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called photosensitizing agents. Also called SnET2.

A radioactive chemical being studied to treat bone pain associated with cancer.

A drug used to treat protozoal infections, such as amebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis. It belongs to a family of drugs called antiprotozoal agents. Tinidazole is also being evaluated in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections in people with low-grade gastric lymphoma.

A disorder in which a person hears noises such as buzzing, ringing, clicking, or the sound of a pulse, when no outside sound is causing them. Tinnitus may have many different causes, and may be a symptom of another disease or condition. It may be caused by certain tumors and anticancer drugs.

A drug that is used with another drug, warfarin, to treat blood clots that form deep in the veins and to prevent new blood clots from forming. It is a type of anticoagulant. Also called tinzaparin sodium and Innohep.

A drug that is used with another drug, warfarin, to treat blood clots that form deep in the veins and to prevent new blood clots from forming. It is a type of anticoagulant. Also called tinzaparin and Innohep.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Also called R115777 and Zarnestra.

A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.

A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

A type of breast reconstruction in which a flap of tissue is surgically moved from another area of the body to the chest, and formed into a new breast mound.

An enzyme made in the body that helps dissolve blood clots. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Tissue plasminogen activator is a type of systemic thrombolytic agent. Also called tPA.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called glutathione analogs. Also called Telcyta.

Transcendental Meditation. A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve quality of life. TM is the registered trademark of the Maharishi Foundation Ltd. Also called Transcendental Meditation.

Tumor necrosis factor. A protein made by white blood cells in response to an antigen (substance that causes the immune system to make a specific immune response) or infection. TNF can also be made in the laboratory. It may boost a person’s immune response, and also may cause necrosis (cell death) of some types of tumor cells. TNF is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It is a type of cytokine. Also called tumor necrosis factor.

A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. TNF-bound colloidal gold is made in the laboratory by binding a cancer-killing protein called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to the surface of very tiny particles of gold. These TNF-gold particles may kill tumor cells without harming healthy tissue. Also called colloidal gold-bound tumor necrosis factor and Aurimmune.

A gene therapy product that is being studied in combination with radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer.

A system for describing the extent of cancer in a patient’s body. T describes the size of the tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).

A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may prevent the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow. It is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor.

A plant with leaves that have high levels of the addictive chemical nicotine. The leaves may be smoked (in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes), applied to the gums (as dipping and chewing tobacco), or inhaled (as snuff). Tobacco leaves also contain many cancer-causing chemicals, and tobacco use and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke have been linked to many types of cancer and other diseases. The scientific name is Nicotiana tabacum.

A substance that has been studied as an anticancer drug. It is an analog of a substance that occurs naturally in the body (cyclic adenosine monophosphate).

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.

An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances taken from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. Tonga may increase the effect of alcohol and of certain drugs used to treat anxiety and depression. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises users that tonga may cause severe liver damage. The scientific name is Piper methysticum. Also called kava kava, intoxicating pepper, rauschpfeffer, and yangona.

Cancer that begins in the tongue. When the cancer begins in the front two-thirds of the tongue, it is considered to be a type of oral cavity cancer; when the cancer begins in the back third of the tongue, it is considered to be a type of oropharyngeal or throat cancer.

One of two small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat.

On the surface of the body.

Treatment with anticancer drugs in a lotion or cream applied to the skin.

A substance being studied in the treatment of adult brain tumors. Topoisomerase II inhibitor RTA 744 crosses the blood-brain barrier and blocks an enzyme needed for cancer growth. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called RTA 744.

A substance that blocks topoisomerase enzymes, which are involved in DNA structure and cell growth. Certain topoisomerase inhibitors are used to treat some types of cancer.

A drug used to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. Topotecan is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called topotecan hydrochloride and Hycamtin.

A drug used to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and cervical cancer. Topotecan hydrochloride is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called topotecan and Hycamtin.

An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens. Toremifene blocks the effect of the hormone estrogen in the body. It may help control some cancers from growing, and it may delay or reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

A drug used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Torisel blocks a protein involved in cell division, and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of rapamycin analog and serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Also called temsirolimus and CCI-779.

A monoclonal antibody that is used in the treatment of certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. When tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab (a form of tositumomab that has been chemically changed by adding radioactive iodine) are given together, the combination is called the Bexxar regimen.

Therapy used to eliminate male sex hormones (androgens) in the body. This may be done with surgery, hormonal therapy, or a combination.

Therapy used to eliminate estrogen in the body. This may be done with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these procedures.

Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called complete hysterectomy.

An operation to remove all of the larynx (voice box).

Removal of the breast. Also called simple mastectomy.

Radiation therapy to the mantle field, the spleen, the lymph nodes in the upper abdomen, and the lymph nodes in the pelvic area.

Surgery to remove the entire pancreas. Part of the stomach, part of the small intestine, the common bile duct, gallbladder, spleen, and nearby lymph nodes also are removed.

TPN. A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. Total parenteral nutrition does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of vomiting that won’t stop, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins and minerals a person needs using total parenteral nutrition. Also called hyperalimentation, parenteral nutrition, and TPN.

TSEB radiation therapy. A type of radiation therapy using electrons that is directed at the entire surface of the body. This type of radiation goes into the outer layers of the skin, but does not go deeper into tissues and organs below the skin. Also called TSEB radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy to the entire body. It is usually followed by bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplantation.

A drug used to treat the toxic effects of an anticancer drug that leaks from blood vessels into surrounding tissue and causes tissue damage. It is also used to treat heart damage in women given doxorubicin for breast cancer that has spread. Totect blocks a protein needed for cell division. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of cardioprotective agent. Also called dexrazoxane, dexrazoxane hydrochloride, and Zinecard.

Having to do with cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body.

Disease caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream. Also called blood poisoning and septicemia.

Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects.

The extent to which something is poisonous or harmful.

The study of poisons, including the source, effect, and treatment of poisoning. It is a branch of pharmacology (the study of drugs).

A poison produced by certain animals, plants, or bacteria.

A substance being studied in the treatment of brain tumors. It combines a protein that binds to certain tumor cells with a bacterial toxin that kills tumor cells.

An enzyme made in the body that helps dissolve blood clots. A form of this enzyme is made in the laboratory to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. tPA is a type of systemic thrombolytic agent. Also called tissue plasminogen activator.

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. A substance being studied in the treatment of hematologic cancers. It is a type of phorbol ester. Also called 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Total parenteral nutrition. A form of nutrition that is delivered into a vein. TPN does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract because of vomiting that won’t stop, severe diarrhea, or intestinal disease. It may also be given to those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy or radiation and bone marrow transplantation. It is possible to give all of the protein, calories, vitamins and minerals a person needs using TPN. Also called hyperalimentation, parenteral nutrition, and total parenteral nutrition.

A substance made by the body that helps make blood cells, especially platelets. A form of TPO made in the laboratory is called recombinant human TPO and rHu TPO. TPO is being studied as a way to increase the number of platelets in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Also called thrombopoietin.

A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It may damage the DNA in cancer cells. Trabectedin is a type of topoisomerase-I inhibitor. Also called ET-743 and ecteinascidin 743.

A rare type of cancer that forms on or just beneath the skin in sun-exposed parts of the body of older people. It also forms in people with weakened immune systems. Also called Merkel cell cancer and neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin.

A chemical found in very small amounts in a given substance. Organisms need certain trace elements to survive.

A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures.

A 2-inch- to 3-inch-long curved metal or plastic tube placed in a surgically created opening (tracheostomy) in the windpipe to keep it open. Also called tracheostomy tube.

The airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways that lead to the lungs). Also called windpipe.

Surgery to remove the cervix (the end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and the vagina).The upper part of the vagina and certain pelvic lymph nodes may also be removed. Also called a cervicectomy.

A small opening made by a surgeon between the esophagus and the trachea. A valve keeps food out of the trachea but lets air into the esophagus for esophageal speech.

Surgery to create an opening (stoma) into the windpipe. The opening itself may also be called a tracheostomy.

A 0.5-inch- to 1.5-inch-long plastic tube placed in a surgically created opening (tracheostomy) in the windpipe to keep it open.

A 2-inch- to 3-inch-long curved metal or plastic tube placed in a surgically created opening (tracheostomy) in the windpipe to keep it open. Also called trach tube.

An ancient form of acupuncture based on the principle that there are five universal elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water) that affect a person’s emotions, personality, health, and response to treatment. Each person is affected by one element more than the others. Also called five element acupuncture.

TCM. A medical system that has been used for thousands of years to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. It is based on the belief that qi (the body’s vital energy) flows along 20 meridians (channels) throughout the body and keeps a person’s spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical health in balance. TCM aims to restore the body’s balance and harmony between the natural opposing forces of yin and yang, which can block qi and cause disease. TCM includes acupuncture, diet, herbal therapy, meditation, physical exercise, and massage. Also called Oriental medicine and TCM.

A type of fat that has certain chemical properties and is usually found in processed foods such as baked goods, snack foods, fried foods, shortening, margarine, and certain vegetable oils. Eating trans fat increases blood cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

A procedure used to examine the organs in the abdomen. The ultrasound device is pressed firmly against the skin of the abdomen. Sound waves from the device bounce off tissues and create echoes. A computer uses the echoes to make a picture called a sonogram.

TM. A mental technique used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve quality of life. Transcendental Meditation is the registered trademark of the Maharishi Foundation Ltd. Also called TM.

In biology, the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a sequence of DNA that is a gene.

TENS. A technique in which mild electric currents are applied to some areas of the skin by a small power pack connected to two electrodes. Also called TENS and controlled low-voltage electrical stimulation.

Absorbed through the unbroken skin.

A substance made by some white blood cells. Transfer factor from one person’s white blood cells may be able to cause a specific immune response when injected into the skin of another person.

A substance that is being studied in the treatment of brain tumors. Transferrin-CRM107 is made by linking a diphtheria toxin to transferrin, a protein that binds to fast growing cells, such as tumor cells. The diphtheria toxin then kills the tumor cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called immunotoxins.

The change that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant.

The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed.

A cell that varies in shape depending on whether the tissue is being stretched. Transitional cells may be stretched without breaking apart. They line hollow organs such as the bladder.

Cancer that forms in transitional cells in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis (the part of the kidney that collects, holds, and drains urine). Transitional cells are cells that can change shape and stretch without breaking apart.

A term used to describe the process by which the results of research done in the laboratory are used to develop new ways to diagnose and treat disease.

A genetic change in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Sometimes pieces from two different chromosomes will trade places with each other. Translocations may lead to medical problems such as leukemia, breast cancer, schizophrenia, muscular dystrophy, and Down syndrome.

A procedure in which a sample of tissue is removed from the prostate for examination under a microscope. The sample is removed with a thin needle that is inserted through the skin between the scrotum and rectum and into the prostate.

A doctor who specializes in transplantation surgery. The surgeon replaces a patient